FURTHER to my article published in theZimbabwe Independent of May 3, this is a continuation of issues I raised in the first part.
The role of African countries
African countries play a vital role in the United Nations, contributing significantly to various initiatives, including peacekeeping operations and developmental programmes.
However, the representation and influence of these countries within the United Nations (UN), particularly in decision-making processes like those of the Security Council, have been subjects of ongoing debate and concern.
African countries in the UN
Since the decolonisation period in the 1960s, the number of African countries in the United Nations has increased dramatically, making Africa one of the most represented regions in terms of membership.
These countries have consistently contributed to the UN’s mission, especially in peacekeeping where African nations provide a significant portion of the UN’s peacekeeping troops.
Moreover, many of these nations are among the most impacted by the UN's decisions, particularly regarding peace and security, humanitarian assistance, and sustainable development.
- Govt adopts UN protocol on child rights
- Africa hit hard by high e-waste pollution
- UN spotlights Mat'land marginalisation
- Chefs attempt to sneak to UN
Keep Reading
Representation, influence or lack
Despite their substantial contributions and their affected status, African countries often find themselves with limited influence in the most crucial decision-making body of the UN, the Security Council. None of the permanent members of the Security Council are from Africa, and the continent is underrepresented in terms of permanent membership compared to its size and the extent of issues discussed at the Council that directly affect it.
This imbalance has led to concerns about the legitimacy and fairness of the Council’s decisions regarding African issues.
African countries have advocated for reform, specifically under the banner of the 'Ezulwini Consensus', which calls for full representation and at least two permanent seats with veto power for African states on the Security Council.
However, these demands have not yet been met, leading to growing frustration among African nations regarding their role and influence in global governance.
Argument for a united stance, boycott
Given this context, there is an argument that African nations should consider taking a more united stance or even a boycott to assert their collective influence.
A united stance could mean leveraging their considerable numbers for more significant influence in the General Assembly or demanding concrete steps towards reform in the Security Council’s structure.
Some suggest that a more radical approach, such as a boycott or threat thereof, could highlight the urgency of reform and the essential nature of their participation in the UN system.
Such actions would aim to force a reconsideration of the current power structures within the UN, advocating for a more equitable system that truly represents the diversity and dynamics of the 21st-century world.
African unity in this context is not just about increasing their bargaining power, but also about ensuring that decisions affecting the continent are made with a proper understanding and representation of African interests and perspectives.
A fairer way forward
The need for reforming the United Nations, particularly its Security Council, has been a subject of extensive debate. Proposed reforms aim at making the UN more democratic, representative, and effective in addressing global challenges.
These proposals focus on restructuring the Security Council, altering the veto power, and considering alternative models for equitable representation, including the role of regional organisations.
Restructuring the security council
Expansion of membership: A key proposal for reform is expanding the Security Council’s membership to reflect the current geopolitical realities better. This includes increasing both permanent and non-permanent seats to allow for broader representation. Suggested reforms often include additional permanent seats for regions currently underrepresented, such as Africa, Latin America, and Asia.
Regional representation: Another approach is the introduction of seats based on regional representation rather than specific countries. This would mean seats are allocated to regions, with countries within those regions rotating membership. This model could ensure that all parts of the world have a fair chance of representation on the Council.
Altering the veto power
Abolition or limitation of the veto: Many argue that the veto power is outdated and undemocratic. Proposals range from its complete abolition to more moderate reforms, such as limiting the circumstances under which the veto can be used. For example, restricting veto use in cases of mass atrocities or human rights violations, as per the 'Responsibility to Protect' doctrine.
Veto override: Another proposed reform is the introduction of a mechanism to override a veto. This could involve a supermajority vote in the General Assembly or a larger majority within the Security Council itself.
Alternative models
Democratic global parliament: Some have proposed the creation of a more democratic, parliamentary body within the UN system, where representation is based on population or other democratic criteria. This body could have powers over international issues that transcend national borders.
Enhanced role for international law: Strengthening the role of international legal frameworks and courts, and ensuring that all nations, regardless of size or power, are equally subject to international law.
Role for regional organisations
Integration with regional bodies: Strengthening the relationship between the UN and regional organisations like the African Union, the European Union, or the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN). These bodies could have a more direct role in global governance, potentially having their own seats in the Security Council.
Decentralised decision-making: Allowing regional bodies more autonomy in handling conflicts and issues within their regions, under the UN framework. This could lead to more effective and culturally sensitive conflict resolution.
Greater say for continents like Africa
Implementation of the Ezulwini Consensus: This would involve adhering to Africa’s collective position on Security Council reform, which advocates for at least two permanent seats for African countries, with the power of veto.
Special focus on developmental issues: Ensuring that the unique developmental challenges of continents like Africa are adequately addressed in UN policies and programs, through increased representation and resource allocation.
Reforming the United Nations requires a multifaceted approach that addresses both the structural and functional aspects of the organisation.
By restructuring the Security Council, reconsidering the veto power, and fostering a more inclusive model of global governance, the UN can evolve into an institution that is truly representative and effective in tackling the global challenges of the 21st century.
Conclusion
The United Nations, conceived as a guardian of global peace and promoter of collective well-being, now stands at a crossroads. Its founding principles remain as vital as ever, yet the structure through which it operates, particularly the Security Council, has become increasingly incongruent with the dynamic and multipolar world of the 21st century.
The need for reform is not just an administrative necessity; it is a moral imperative to ensure that the organisation can effectively respond to global challenges and truly represent the diverse tapestry of its member states.
Reforming the United Nations, especially by reconfiguring the Security Council and addressing the undemocratic nature of the veto power, will have profound benefits.
It promises a more inclusive, equitable, and effective global governance system that can better address complex international issues, from conflicts to climate change.
A reformed UN would also ensure that all nations, regardless of size or power, have their voices heard and their concerns addressed.
This call for reform is a call to action for global leaders and communities alike. It demands a collective commitment to shaping a UN that not only responds to the needs of today but is also resilient and relevant for the challenges of tomorrow.
The task is formidable, but the promise of a more democratic, just, and peaceful world is a goal worth striving for. Let this be the moment when we reaffirm our collective commitment to a United Nations that truly embodies the aspirations of all its members and serves as a beacon of hope and cooperation in an interconnected world.
- Mavengere Is a lecturer in School of Pharmacy at the University of Western Australia.
